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Water Hammer in Pipe-Line Systems J. Záruba
Publisher: Elsevier Science

Propeller meters need to be installed in straight sections of pipeline according to manufacturer's recommendations. Air in the pipes, water hammer and jackhammer noises, even squeaking can be caused by any number of plumbing issues large and small, says Benjamin Franklin. You can also install a pressure-reducing valve on the water supply line for the house if the water pressure is very high (which may occur in low-lying areas). Water hammer commonly occurs when a valve is closed suddenly at an end of a pipeline system,. The toilets are brand new, I had to put them in before I could move in. Have you ever heard a loud 'BANG' or hammer-like sound after quickly turning on or off a water faucet? It can happen on down gradually. To prevent this, air and vacuum relief valves, or air vents, are installed just downstream of the valve to allow air to enter the line and prevent this vacuum from occurring. Sprinkler systems use fast closing solenoids when they turn on/shut off, that usually is a common source of water hammer. This is the sound of water hammer in the water piping system. We can also install new pressure reducing valves. The problem with a simple vertical pipe is that the bubble can get dissolved into the water, so a sealed system using a rubber bladder can be purchased (this solution also allows other orientations besides vertical). The problem you are describing is often called water hammer. Besides trying to drain the whole system down to replace the air in those pipes (didn't help) that's exactly where I put the arresters, cutting out the air pipe. And a pressure wave propagates in the pipe. Let us correct this issue and prevent damage to your system from excess water pressure. Propeller meters are the most commonly used type of water measurement devices in irrigation systems (Figure 1).